Module 1 Introduction to Data

This module introduces the foundations of working with data in statistics. Students will learn how to classify variables as numerical or categorical, and further distinguish continuous, discrete, ordinal, and nominal types. The module explains how samples relate to populations, why “representativeness” matters, and the role of parameters and statistics in inference. Different sampling strategies are introduced simple random, stratified, cluster, and multistage, along with the dangers of biased approaches like convenience sampling. Students also explore how data are collected through observational studies and experiments, learning the four core principles of experimental design: control, randomization, replication, and blocking.

Finally, the module highlights the importance of explanatory and response variables. By completing solved problems, practice exercises, and interactive quizzes, students will build the skills needed to connect statistical methods to real-world research questions.